dealing with art and chattels on divorce

A fine art: dealing with art and chattels on divorce

It is often claimed that London is the ‘divorce capital’ of the world. The city also plays an important role in the global art market, being home to world-famous auction houses and galleries.

It is not surprising therefore that the division of art collections increasingly crops up  within the context of divorce proceedings. Over the last 10 years, diverse investment portfolios are more likely to include tangible assets such as art, wines, watches and jewellery. The valuation of such items can be difficult however and the division between a couple in the event of their divorce can be contentious.

Valuation

Valuation is a central issue in most divorce cases. The family courts need to calculate the assets in the case and categorise them as ‘matrimonial’ or ‘nonmatrimonial’. Only once the valuation exercise is complete can the parties (and the judge) turn their minds to considering the division of the matrimonial assets between the couple (and if  necessary invading the ‘non-matrimonial’ property) to effect a fair financial outcome.

The court can sanction the instruction of an expert within matrimonial proceedings under Part 25 of the Family Procedure Rules. The benefits of expert valuations are that they can:

  • Provide a clear understanding of value and can prevent heartache, arguments and expensive legal wrangling.
  • Support compliance with the financial disclosure required by Form E and each party’s duty to give full and frank disclosure of their worldwide assets.
  • Help to minimize conflict, so all parties are using the same figures when entering into negotiations.
  • Help both parties find a fair and informed division of the assets once values are understood.

The expert owes a duty to the court to help on matters within their expertise. This duty supersedes their obligations to the paying party so their report can be truly independent and reliable.

The letter of instruction to an expert is a vital document. It needs to clearly set out the relevant background and to ask the right questions. Key considerations for instructing an art expert include:

  • Individual pieces vs a collection

Valuing a single piece of art may be easy. But what of a collection? The expert needs to know if they are valuing the collection as a whole or the individual pieces. A well curated collection may be worth more than the sum of its parts, and this value needs to be accurately recorded. In the case of a large collection being sold, the total price achieved can often far exceed presale price expectations. Factors in this are varied but with art, the price achieved is linked to the quality, breadth and date of the works in the collection and also the profile of the owner in the art world. A good example is the recent sale in New York of the Macklowe collection of contemporary art. The sale came about as a result of a very high profile, acrimonious and long running divorce battle in the courts between Harry and Linda Macklowe. The disagreement reached a stalemate, which was ended by a judge declaring that the art must be valued and then sold by public auction. The works were spread over two major auctions in New York in November 2021 and May 2022. Every single lot sold and the total of $922 million became the highest total ever achieved for a private collection at auction.

Purpose of Valuation

The purpose of the valuation can also impact the value. A valuation which assumes a fire sale may differ markedly from a considered sale over time. This may differ again from a value for tax purposes, insurance or probate. For the purpose of valuation for matrimonial proceedings, the value level required is referred to by the courts as ‘fair market value’ and is defined as:

‘the price at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts’. ‘the price at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts’.

The Court’s Approach

The court starts with an assumption that assets generated during the marriage, which are considered ‘matrimonial’, should be shared equally. These sharing claims are cross checked against the parties’ financial needs, which are assessed in the context of the couple’s standard of living during their relationship and all the available resources. If required to meet their respective income and housing needs (and those of any children), one spouse may be awarded more than 50% of the ‘matrimonial’ assets, or potentially even a share of the other spouse’s ‘non-matrimonial’ assets.

The categorisation of assets as ‘matrimonial’ or ‘non-matrimonial’ is not straightforward. An artwork purchased during the marriage by the couple together using their joint funds is almost certainly ‘matrimonial’ whereas an inherited piece kept in storage paid for by one party from their own funds is most likely ‘non-matrimonial’. But the court will also have to grapple with the less clear scenarios – perhaps a piece purchased by one party with their sole funds during the marriage, or an inherited work declared to have been gifted from one spouse to the other.

The division of chattels, particularly artworks, between the couple on divorce can be particularly challenging. One spouse may connect with a certain piece, regardless of when it was purchased and by whom. It is not necessarily the case that the art purchased during the marriage will be physically shared item by item, to be displayed in either party’s home, but it is essential to capture its value in the calculation of the marital pot. The parties can agree whatever terms they feel achieve fairness, failing which the court has a wide discretion to divide the assets (or order their sale) to achieve overall fairness in the circumstances of the case. For items of particular sentimental value, it is common for parties to want to impose a condition that the receiving party leave by will to their children. The court does not have the power to order this as English law allows for testamentary freedom but, if the parties can agree, their settlement can provide, for example, that one party enter into an irrevocable deed to leave certain items to the parties’ children upon their death.

Protecting Artwork on Divorce

Ultimately, to protect any asset from sharing in the event of a divorce, it is prudent to enter into a pre/post-nuptial agreement setting out how their assets should be divided in the event of a divorce. Nuptial agreements are becoming increasingly popular with couples who wish to agree the division of their assets and avoid a potentially contentious divorce in the event of marital breakdown. Spouses should also ensure that the purchase and ownership of the art is clearly documented and consider where it should be stored or displayed. Disputes about gifts are also common in divorce cases – one spouse may argue that a piece was gifted to them individually, whilst the other claims that it was gifted to them both. Care should be taken to ensure that gifts are evidenced and insurance policies are in the right name. Open and honest  communication, whether in negotiations surrounding a nuptial agreement or otherwise, can help to avoid disputes on separation. Early professional advice is crucial in identifying and valuing artwork to achieve an overall fair settlement in divorce  proceedings.


Frederick Tatham, Partner, Farrer & Co

Elizabeth Biggs, Associate, Farrer & Co

Rachel Doerr, Founder & Managing Director, Doerr Dallas Valuations

Visit the Farrer & Co website here: www.farrer.co.uk

Visit the Doerr Dallas Valuations website here: www.doerrvaluations.co.uk

Taking the financial sting out of stressful times

Death and divorce are two of the most stressful events we will potentially deal with during our lifetime. Navigating either situation is distressing enough without having to deal with the complexities of the financial side as well. When it comes to establishing accurate valuations and future living costs, expert support comes into its own.

Here, our silver and jewellery consultant, Jenny Knott, speaks to the Founder and Managing Director of Pennywise Consultants, Alison Porter, about the synergy between our businesses and the importance of working together to support clients during these difficult and emotional life events.

It takes a village

Most of us are familiar with the saying that it takes a village to raise a child. The idea being that a community of people are required to provide a safe, healthy and nurturing environment where children can thrive. It is such a powerful message that Hillary Clinton adopted it for her book ‘It Takes a Village’.

Pennywise Consultants (experts in lifestyle budgeting for divorce and contentious probate) believe that ‘it takes a village …’ either to get divorced or make a claim under the Inheritance Act 1975. Doerr Dallas also subscribes to this view and we have therefore willingly partnered with Pennywise to ensure that our clients acquire accurate valuations and adequate insurance premiums, both of which are critical for their legal teams to achieve a successful outcome.

What kind of help is available?

As independent experts in financial lifestyle analysis, Pennywise specialises in the creation of impartial lifestyle and household budgets, working with clients to help them establish how much money they need to live their lives. This should never be based on best guesses. A strong, evidence-based schedule is the most successful way to demonstrate your case.

Put simply, if you need to know how much money you require to finance your personal life, as well as your children, pets and property, then Alison and her team are there for you.

For more than a decade, their niche service, analysing expenditure and income streams in divorce cases and Inheritance Act Disputes, has helped countless individuals to achieve fair financial settlements. As Alison says, “Economic fair play is our goal. Accuracy and impartiality are how we achieve it.”

How much is enough?

So, how much money do you need for the rest of your life?

It’s a big scary question, but when you are preparing to challenge how a lovedone’s estate has been divided up, or you’re uncoupling your finances during divorce, it’s crucially important to get it right.

Handing over a list of your expenditures can feel really unnerving, but the Pennywise team acts with the utmost discretion and professionalism. They are kind (but firm), providing the practical support that will help you achieve the fairest financial outcome from a position of strength.

Alison explains, “Whether applied to divorce or contentious probate cases, our Future Budget Estimates give solicitors an evidence based report that can be used in legal proceedings. They need to be robust and withstand cross-examination.

We’re meticulous when it comes to preparing a budget and we can back up every number. We’re also passionate about ensuring clients have a full understanding of their budget so they can face cross examination with confidence.”

“Many of our budgets have led to out of court settlements after being used as an effective mediatory tool so, more often than not, we save our clients some money too.”

Knowing the value

For our part, our Doerr Dallas colleagues are here to ensure you have your possessions and property valued correctly. While most clients are alert to changes in property prices, the fluctuations in valuations of personal belongings may not be front of mind.

Having an up-to-date valuation of your Patek Philippe Nautilus or Hermes Kelly bag is vital, given that it is a legal obligation to disclose the true value of any chattel over £500 in case of a divorce.

It is also crucial, that your less obvious chattels are correctly valued. Many of our clients can find that they are overpaying insurance premiums on certain pictures and items of furniture and vastly underpaying on others. It would be a mistake to think you can import old valuation figures into the arena of divorce or contentious probate and assume this is an accurate assessment.

The problem of undervaluing is familiar to Alison too. “Clients frequently under-estimate the value of their possessions, usually due to lack of knowledge, but sometimes intentionally,” says Alison. “In either case, when they provide an insurance quotation, we need to be sure it is reliable.

We therefore find Doerr Dallas Valuations invaluable when securing quotations both for insurance premiums and security.”

Handbags

The Hermes Birkin 25 bag retails around £7,800 RRP, but sadly you can’t buy one from Hermes, unless you are a regular customer with a long-standing relationship with Hermes. So therefore, you would need to go to the secondary market to find one. However, you can’t buy one for under £25,000.

A good example of when things go the other way are brands, such a Michael Kors, Longchamp – even Versace in some cases!

Watches

The Rolex – Daytona has been around for over 50 years but still looks amazing and people want it more than ever… the base model of the newer incarnations should retail around £12,500 – but again they are difficult to find unless you have a good relationship with your watch retailer, so the secondary market is the only place to go and they will set you back £25,000-£30,000 on average.

Watches that don’t hold their value are certain fashion items, or anything by TAG Heuer. Whilst they present a pretty good buy at usually under £5,000 for a good useable watch, the secondary market sees them plummet to some times in the hundreds, as they just don’t command the respect of the premium brand.

Your trusted team

We are delighted to work with Pennywise knowing that they are trusted by top law firms, often working with high and ultra-high net worth individuals with complex needs, encompassing international lifestyles.

Both Alison’s team and ours at Doerr Dallas will provide impartial, professional valuations and guidance. In addition, we will do our utmost to help clients navigate through what can seem overwhelming, and we will do it with kindness and courtesy.